Language of art, 3D art, photography Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Language of workmanship, 3D craftsmanship, photography - Essay Example This is shown by the two photos delineating a scene that is soaked in death as the individuals inside the scenes are devoured by dread and fierceness. Both of these photographs seem as though they could have come out of a Hollywood film in that they are introduced clearly, and the picture taker has solidified a snapshot of activity where the watcher is left to consider what occurred straightaway, or even to think about what occurred in any case. I believe that these two photographs established such a major connection with me as a result of the way that, in spite of the fact that it shows such frightfulness in them, I saw that the photographs were more fascinating to me than alarming. I imagine this represents the desensitization to savagery that happens in America. Ordinary, individuals are assaulted with savage symbolism in TV programs, books, motion pictures, and ads. This has wound up causing a culture which is just intrigued by savagery as opposed to repelled by it. It is intriguing to perceive how an individual responded to these photographs when they were first distributed in contrast with an individual in the 21st

Greek Winter Solstice Celebrations in Honor of Poseidon

Greek Winter Solstice Celebrations in Honor of Poseidon Solstice (from the Latin sol sun) festivities respect the sun. At the late spring solstice in late June, there is no shortage of the sun, so celebrants simply appreciate the additional long stretches of light, however by the winter solstice in late December, the days are a lot shorter as the sun sets prior. Winter solstice festivities frequently incorporate two exercises identified with the bombing sun: delivering light and getting a charge out of the spread the dimness gives. In this manner, it is regular for winter solstice festivities to incorporate flame lighting, campfire creation, and tanked intemperance. Poseidon and the Winter Solstice In Greek folklore, the ocean god Poseidon is one of the most scurrilous of the divine beings, delivering a greater number of youngsters than numerous different divine beings. Greek schedules changed from polis to polis, however in some Greek schedules, a month around the hour of the winter solstice is named for Poseidon. In Athens and different pieces of antiquated Greece, there is a month that generally compares with December/January that is named Poseideon for the ocean god Poseidon. In spite of the way that the Greeks were the most drastically averse to cruise during these months, they held a festival in Athens called Posidea to observe Poseidon. Haloea and Womens Rites At Eleusis there was a celebration called Haloea on the 26th of the month Poseideon. The Haloea-a celebration for Demeter and Dionysus-incorporated a parade for Poseidon. The Haloea is thought to possess been an energy for cheer. There is notice of a womens custom regarding this occasion: Women are furnished with wine and food, remembering cakes for the states of sexual organs. They pull back to themselves and trade obscene talk, and are prodded with recommendations of wantonness murmured in their ears by the priestesses. [p.5] The ladies are thought to have remained detached for the duration of the night and afterward to have joined the men the following day. While the ladies were off eating, drinking, and sounding a lot of like the ladies of Lysistrata, the men are thought to have made a major fire or a lot of little campfires. Poseidonia of Aegina The Poseidonia of Aegina may have occurred around the same time. There were 16 days of devouring with rituals of Aphrodite finishing up the celebration. Like the Roman celebration of Saturnalia, the Poseidonia turned out to be so well known it was broadened so that Athenaeus makes it 2 months in length: In whole, the celebrants dining experience to satiety, at that point go to indecent prodding. What is the custom motivation behind such direct? It clearly suits Poseidons legendary notoriety as the most prurient of divine beings, who far outperforms Apollo and Zeus in the quantity of his contacts and his posterity. Poseidon the enticer is divine force of springs and rivers[...] Source Poseidons Festival at the Winter Solstice, by Noel Robertson, The Classical Quarterly, New Series, Vol. 34, No. 1 (1984), 1-16.

Off

Off Im approaching the end of the first month of my internship at a big ol biotech company,01 wish I could blog about it but public disclosure lawsuit blah blah blah and Ive somewhat adjusted to the lack of actionable emails. My new thing is going to work and reading about topics in philosophy when I have downtime. I dont know if its the deep dive into terror management theory02 I feel like a South Park goth kid when I discuss this with people or the mechanical routine of a 9-to-503 closer to a 9:45ish-to-5:15ish or latent anxiety about applying to grad school,04 Kim Kardashian voice: Im Dropping Hints That Im Going to Apply To Grad School but Ive been feeling distinctly uneasy for the past few weeks. Not bad, just weird. Ive prepared for you a selection of images from the past month that have a similar vibe of not-quite-a-glitch-in-the-simulation-but-unnerving-enough-that-I-had-to-take-a-picture, or more simply, pictures that feel a little Off. Snow vs. Fence MIT tennis courts, Cambridge, MA, February 18, 2019, 2:47 PM The sheer power, the pure force exerted by the fresh snow, which is usually so soft and shapeable. Fence cannot stop her; Fence can only extrude her. My Cat Binkys Lol WMBR, A-control, Cambridge, MA, March 6, 2019, 1:26 AM WMBR, where anyone can directly text the current DJ. Cats shouldnt binky, but maybe its okay for them to popcorn. When You Turn On Your Ad Blocker IRL Building 46 atrium, Cambridge, MA, March 6, 2019, 1:01 PM This one really freaked me out at first. Usually there are chairs there, but sometimes there are conferences happening in this space. There were no people in the atrium at that moment. Only bipedal black screens, continuing into infinity.05 into finity but continuing for a while in the direction of the vanishing point Spooky. A Car Supported By A Few Inches Of Snow Memorial Drive, Cambridge, MA, March 6, 2019, 9:08 PM I tried several times to get a better picture of this, but I couldnt get low enough to the ground.06 I have failed as a 5 foot tall person Look how strong that snow is (see first image). Utility Graffiti On The Snow Between McCormick and Baker, Cambridge, MA, March 8, 2019, 4:18 PM In case you couldnt tell, theres a lot of snow at MIT sometimes. In this case, some utility workers decided to mark an underground cable or pipe or line of some sort directly onto the snow. What happens when the snow melts? Why does it need to be marked right now if you cant even access whats below because of the snow? What is under the snow? PIG ICE Piggly Wiggly, Mountain Brook, AL, March 24, 2019, 5:28 PM Its pig ice. Gnarly Skin Condition MacGregor desk, Cambridge, MA, April 19, 2019, 9:36 PM While moving boxes of paper around, I discovered I have developed something called Dermatographia urticaria, which is pretty dope because now I can gently scratch things07 Ill admit to some number of phalluses onto my arms and let my immune system make the art. Unfortunately, I am itchy and covered in scary wheals all the time now, unless I take antihistamines, in which case I am sleepy all the time now. I promise this is a real thing. Hypocrisy Vassar Street, Cambridge, MA, April 29, 2019, 2:26 PM Is this corruption? A Rebrand In Progress LaVerdes, Cambridge, MA, May 3, 2019, 2:47 PM If you stare at the shelves in LaVerdes long enough, youll notice that no one actually stocks the shelves, they just refresh from time to time. Here I captured a brand in transition from Big Corporate Capital Letters User to soft gentle lowercase millennial/gen z/gen alpha cracker peddler. I like to think they took inspiration from us. One (1) Inch ???, Cambridge, MA, May 10, 2019, 11:55 AM If you zoom in, this little guy is beautiful.08 when I went home the most recent time, my sister showed me a cute little worm that she thought was a baby inchworm, but my other sister confirmed that it was in fact a mosquito larva and that sure did gross us out But I was walking along a street with no trees or plants when he appeared. Where did he come from? I had to walk several minutes to find a green place for him to disembark. Ants Eating A Porkchop09 somehow this has more of a Dave Matthews Band Vibe than Ants Marching? MIT tennis courts, Cambridge, MA, May 16, 2019, 4:26 PM Who cooked a porkchop and then just left it on the ground? What transgression did the porkchop commit to be abandoned like this? Why did the ants want to eat it? There are plenty of healthy dining options on campus! Tall Roses My backyard, Irondale, AL, May 26, 2019, 7:31 PM I am not a plant biologist. I have no idea why a rose would want/would be able to grow that tall. Its not competing with other plants for sun. I feel like it would take so much more effort10 not actually sure if transpiration is meaningfully affected by gravity to keep water and stuff flowing up to the top of the plant, but thats where all the flowers are. For size reference, this thing is over 6 feet tall. Great posture, too. Pinoy Comic Jokes: UR FAVORITE PINOY JOKES IN GRAPHIC FORMAT Public library, South San Francisco, CA, June 3, 2019, 3:25 PM The South San Francisco Library has an astounding collection of Tagalog literature, but this one looks like something someone brought from home and left on the shelf. The comic on the cover, which should theoretically be one of the funniest comics in the book, features a kid who was poisoned after he got caught eating cockroaches. The graphic design checks out, though. DNA Crosswalk Genentech, South San Francisco, CA, June 7, 2019, 5:18 PM Cute, but why? Cricket Food Pet store, Daly City, CA, June 8, 2019, 5:50 PM Apparently crickets can be fed as pets, not just to pets. And theres nothing crickets crave more than the sweet taste of orange cube.11 its got electrolytes Outta My Way! Im Late For Bocce Somewhere, South San Francisco, CA, June 8, 2019, 7:28 PM Theres no way this is a real license plate frame that a real person bought. Bocce isnt even that fun. Its like being into golf but it doesnt even come with an established aesthetic. VCRs Rotated 90 Degrees Clockwise Thrift store, South San Francisco, CA, June 15, 2019, 2:57 PM There is no reason for this store to stock so many VCRs. They ran out of room for horizontal VCRs so they had to shelve them like books. There werent even that many VHS tapes for sale to go with the VCRs. At this point, I am not sure if the rising seniors in high school are familiar with this technology, but really the only reason to keep these around would be to watch old home movies. Id like to meet anyone who ends up buying one of these. By posting these images, Ive unloaded my Off feeling onto the audience, so now YOU will feel perpetually Off instead of me! Enjoy! Post Tagged #snow #summer internship #weird wish I could blog about it but public disclosure lawsuit blah blah blah back to text ? I feel like a South Park goth kid when I discuss this with people back to text ? closer to a 9:45ish-to-5:15ish back to text ? Kim Kardashian voice: I'm Dropping Hints That I'm Going to Apply To Grad School back to text ? into finity but continuing for a while in the direction of the vanishing point back to text ? I have failed as a 5 foot tall person back to text ? I'll admit to some number of phalluses back to text ? when I went home the most recent time, my sister showed me a cute little worm that she thought was a baby inchworm, but my other sister confirmed that it was in fact a mosquito larva and that sure did gross us out back to text ? somehow this has more of a Dave Matthews Band Vibe than Ants Marching? back to text ? not actually sure if transpiration is meaningfully affected by gravity back to text ? it's got electrolytes back to text ?

Quitting Addictive Smoking Smoking - 1713 Words

Student Name Professor Name Course Name Date Quitting Addictive Smoking Tobacco is causing one death in every six seconds and will reach to eight million deaths annually in the world, by 2030 (albawaba). That was the fact that my doctor stated to me when I visited him to get the thorough checkup because I was having trouble in breathing and trouble in sleeping. I got shocked by listening to this fact, but I could not relate that fact to my life until the doctor told me that these health issues of mine are the result of my addictive smoking. My doctor informed me that my left lung was severely damaged from excessive smoking and that is why o am having trouble breathing. I really got distressed that my visit doctor for the simple lack of sleep and trouble sleeping has turned into my affected lung prospective of giving the permanent damage to the other lung also. I started wondering, will I have to lose my both lungs? Will I be included among those people who die because of excessive smoking? Is smoking only affecting my lungs and sleep or is it silently af fecting my other parts of the body? Is it possible to quit smoking? Are there any methods that can help me to save my lungs from permanent damage to my lungs? Several other questions like these rose in my mind and compelled me to focus on my present health condition. From the information provided on the cigarette boxes that cigarette is highly dangerous for health and I can cause lungs and mouth caner. I also heardShow MoreRelatedSmoking Essay1207 Words   |  5 PagesHow to Quit Smoking The smoking problem has become quite prevalent in our society. Several governments have had problems dealing with a huge healthcare burden due to diseases and conditions brought about by smoking. At the same time, individuals suffer several addictive and health issues due to smoking. While this information may be apparent to most of the smokers, studies have found that quitting a smoking habit is quite a challenge. The reason behind such challenge is attributed to Nicotine. NicotineRead MoreBans, Laws, And Taxes On Smoking Essay1020 Words   |  5 PagesBans, Laws, and Taxes on smoking With the changing of times, many places over the years have gone smoke free. Some of these places include: hospitals, airplanes, restaurants, bars, universities, schools, hotels and many others. One of the places in Anchorage that has recently gone smoke free is the University of Anchorage Alaska. According to an article titled â€Å"History of Smoke and Tobacco-Free UAA† (n.d.), â€Å"With the new policy, UAA joins more than 1,500 colleges and universities in the U.S. thatRead MoreShould Smoking be Globally Banned?905 Words   |  4 Pagesyour expected life span by eleven minutes. (Maier, 2013). On an everyday basis everyone is affected by smoking, either firsthand or secondhand. Cigarettes used to be smoked everywhere; hospitals, stores and etc. There wasn‘t certain areas for smokers, since the negative impacts were unknown to the general audience. But after technology advanced, scientists found the atrocious side effects of smoking such as health problems concerning the human body, as well as gruesome personal side effects. MajorityRead MoreThe Effects Of Smoking Cigarettes On Society925 Words   |  4 PagesThe Effects of Smoking Cigarettes Society has been faced with many social struggles since the beginning of time. Smoking cigarettes is just one of those many social challenges. Individuals who smoke cigarettes increase the risk of developing health issues. Advertising has decreased over the years but the investment is with those that started when advertising was a big deal. Finally, the chemicals put into cigarettes are designed to increase a person’s cravings for cigarettes making it harder toRead MoreA New Tool For Smoking Secession Campaigns896 Words   |  4 Pages A new tactic for smoking secession campaigns, display a demonstration that compares a set of healthy lungs, verses a smoker’s lungs. It shows an air pump inflating the lungs as if they were breathing on their own. The healthy, ripe, pink, plump set of the non-smokers lungs inflate in and out, expanding without to ease. The pair of lungs that have been tarnished by cigarette smoking has a dark appearance and exerts more effort with mini mal results. For some, this is enough to lay the habit downRead MoreCigarette Industry is Under Attack956 Words   |  4 Pages1900’s. A front-page article by Reader’s Digest in 1952 entitled â€Å"Cancer by the Carton† started the national dialogue about the negative health affects of smoking cigarettes. The medical community had published articles since the 1930’s about the possible negative affects of smoking, but it took until the 1950’s to gain public attention. Smoking prevalence among adults in the United States has dropped from 42% to 18.1% from 1968 to 2014. With the number of smoker dropping, and government regulationRead MoreTobacco Use Will Kill One Billion People This Century978 Words   |  4 Pagespromoted worldwide by the multinational company Phillip Morris International. The explosion of mainstream tobacco use and acceptance in the twentieth century began with an attitude of glamor and toughness. This approach fueled by magn etic film stars smoking in the movies between the 1920’ and 1950’s. With the introduction of television advertising, the iconic Marlboro man made his appearance, a rugged and tough all-American cowboy, into the homes of viewers. Tobacco and Hollywood went hand in hand; moreoverRead MoreCigarettes in America Essay1450 Words   |  6 PagesUnited States are heart disease, cancer, stroke, and chronic respiratory disease. The most deadly origin of disease is cigarette smoking. A cigarette contains many harmful chemicals that damage the smokers’ body as well as the people that surround the smoker. Its negative impacts regarding health carry more burdens than what some may say is the â€Å"positive† social outcome of smoking. Tobacco was originally used as a heavy sedative during tribal times and never used as a form of leisure. Cigarettes shouldRead MorePersuasive Essay On Smoking Cessation1555 Words   |  7 Pages Smoking is an addiction that can risk oneà ¢â‚¬â„¢s health, which in turn can lead to death. As time advances, both smokers and non-smokers are beginning to understand the harm in this deadly habit because not only does it harm smokers, it can impact anyone who encounters the smoke second-hand. Since the public has become aware of the health risks induced by smoking, cessation tools such as nicotine replacement therapy are being invented to help terminate the desire to smoke. As technology improves, smokingRead MoreSmoking Addiction Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesSmoking Addiction Smoking is an extremely addictive habit that usually forms in the early teen years. We should be targeting our children from the time they enter elementary school to prepare them for this temptation and encourage them to steer clear of this problem (Schoebel 287). There is no sure cure for smoking, and every method requires willingness, dedication, and will power. Smokers should recognize the serious health risks they are facing every time they light a cigarette and accept that

Discrimination and Prejudice in United States History

Discrimination and prejudice are widely known in United States history. In the 1960s the civil rights movement demanded legislation and passed laws, which banned discrimination. Five decades later, it still continues in our society. Discrimination and prejudice occur when a group of people feel they are superior to another, and can be based on a persons color, race, national origin, religion, sex and gay couples. â€Å"Racism is a form of oppression in which one racial group dominates over others. In the United States and Canada, Whites are the dominant group and people of Color are the minoritized group; therefore, racism here is White racial and cultural prejudice and discrimination, supported intentionally or unintentionally by†¦show more content†¦For instance, Aunt Alexandra was a woman devoted to her family and committed to old tradition. She moved to live with Scout and Jen because she wanted to teach them the right way of growing up, since their mom had passed away. Aunt Alexandra discriminated against her own race when she forbade Scout to have Walter Cunningham over for lunch. Aunt Alexandra said, Jean Louise, in my mind they are good folks. However, they are not our kind of folks. (Lee 224). Aunt Alexandra learned not to judge Atticus for the way he raised his children, and Aunt Alexandra let Scout be a child for a while. The reader sees the characters at their weakest a nd how they grew stronger, becoming more accepting toward one another. These issues would continue until the civil rights leader Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his, I Have A Dream speech, at the Lincoln memorial in Washington D.C in 1963. This speech addressed how people have been treated unfairly just because of their background and color of their skin. His vision was that one day the nation would be free of discrimination. The following is an excerpt from Dr. Kings speech: I say to you today, my friends, so even though we face the difficulties of today and tomorrow, I still have a dream. It is a dream deeply rooted in the American dream. I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident; that all men are created equal.† I haveShow MoreRelatedA Study on Slavery1112 Words   |  4 Pagesof the United States. Early colonial societies in the seventeenth century had both white and black workers; the former were categorized as indentured servants and the latter were categorized as slaves. In late seventeenth century, laws were passed, clearly recognizing slavery in racial terms. The roots of these laws were partly the prejudice against blacks and partly the desire to prevent any possible unity among the workers. The laws were carried through the independence of the United States, legallyRead MoreReligious and Ethnic Diversity863 Words   |  4 PagesSaints, Bruc e McConkie (1958), â€Å"Mormonism is indistinguishable from Christianity†. However, there are some distinct differences between Mormonism and other Christian religions, and other religions in general. These differences have led to a history of discrimination and persecution, so much though that the Church today keeps many of its ceremonies, practices, and beliefs private. The Church of Jesus Christ and Latter-Day Saints has had a vast impact on American culture which includes a recent PresidentialRead MoreDiscrimination Effects from the 1930s1530 Words   |  7 PagesThe Results of an era of Discrimination Discrimination is a disease. This is a greatly popular quote straight from the mouth of Robert Staunbach. Many people consider the 1930s to be a terrible time of prejudice, especially to some violent extremes. Between racism, sexism, and social prejudice, discrimination levels were about the highest America has ever seen. This was a difficult time for African Americans in the U.S, and despite the decline of organizations such as the Ku Klux Klan, racismRead MoreDiversity, Inequality, and Immigration Essay1004 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigration or three words that brings mind some of the current political subjects that are currently affecting the United States today. Throughout the country’s history, there is the notable inequality and racial injustice in our society. This can be seen, and our history textbooks, about the Civil War, civil rights movement, and the more recently with the gay-rights movement. That history of this country is established on these types of movement s and wars. Many different cultures have come togetherRead MoreStereotypes, Conformity, And Discrimination1742 Words   |  7 PagesPrejudices and Discrimination in American History X Abstract Stereotyping, prejudice, conformity, and discrimination are well portrayed in the movie American History X. The negative attitude held by Derek towards to black people is greatly influenced and learned from his father who was a racist. Derek also transfers these prejudice attitudes towards his younger brother Danny as he grows up seeing the racism practiced in his family and his brother. Although these attitudes are based on propagandaRead MoreEssay on African American Minority Group822 Words   |  4 PagesAmerican Minority Group Among many of the ethnic groups that experienced a combination of segregation, racism, and prejudice; African Americans is one of the few that is still faced with one or more forms of discrimination today. 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Race relations works to better the rights of minority citizens and to lessen the gap between the races. With the facts stated above, race relations are an important issue in the United States of America. Race is a much discussed social and political topic. Race, especially in the United States is everybody’s business. Profiling is evident today, where going to an airport can be a hassle if yo u fit a certain stereotype. But race relations have come a long way. It has changed vastly fromRead MoreDiscrimination Research Paper1520 Words   |  7 Pages Kevin Clerkley Discrimination Thesis Statement: Throughout the United States, there are millions of Americans who are struggling against direct and indirect discrimination. Discrimination is the making of a difference in treatment or favor on a basis other than individual merit (Merriam Webster Dictionary). Our world has always been faced with the problem of discrimination. It is one of the most discussed topics nowadays and throughout history. In all countries there isRead MoreThe Never Ending Cycle of Prejudice In U.S.A Essay1331 Words   |  6 Pageswith discrimination and prejudice throughout its history. On July 2nd, 1964 the United States took a step in the right direction, when it recognized the principle that all men are created equal with the passage of the Civil Rights Act. The Act outlawed all discrimination formed on the basis of race, religious affiliation, gender or ethnic origin. In addition, it ended racial segregation in educational institutions and in the workplace. However, it can be argued that discrimination and prejudice remain

My Final Year Project Free Essays

string(212) " extensive experience in installing solar thermal energy systems throughout India and armed with ever improving production facility, Gadhia Solar is the pioneer and market leader in solar thermal energy systems\." A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS PVT. LTD. A Practice School II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE, PILANI (JANUARY – JUNE 2012) A REPORT ON AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL BY PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G B. We will write a custom essay sample on My Final Year Project or any similar topic only for you Order Now E. (Hons) ELEC. INSTR. Prepared in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the Course No. BITS C412 (Practice School II) AT GADHIA SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEM PVT. LTD. A Practice School- II station of BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE, PILANI JANUARY – JUNE 2012) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to thank the Managing Director and Coordinator of Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. , Mr. Badal Shah, for giving us this wonderful opportunity. I would also like to thank my mentor Dr. Vivek Wasekar, Vice President RD and Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde Deputy General Manager, RD, for being a constant source of guidance and support throughout my project. I am also grateful to the Vice Chancellor, BITS Pilani, Prof. B. N. Jain, and the Practice School Division Dean, Mr G. Sundar for giving us this opportunity to gain valuable work experience. I am extremely thankful to our faculty in charge, Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar for conducting the programme in an effective manner. PRATAP DESHMUKH 2008A8PS251G Page | 0 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd Duration: 06 January 2012 – 20 June 2012 Date of Submission: 30 March 2012 Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL NAME PRATAP DESHMUKH ID NO 2008A8PS251G DISCIPLINE B. E. (Hons) ELEC. INSTR. Centre: Valsad, Gujrat. Name of expert: Dr. Vivek Wasekar (Associate Manager, Instrumentation Dept. ) Name of the PS Faculty: Mr. Pavan Kumar Potdar Key Words: Steam cooking, Jacketed Vessel, PLC, Ladder Logic, solar, cooking. Project Areas: A development project of a automated cooking system for steam cooking vessel Abstract: This report covers the details of the project undertaken by me at Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. to develop and implement the automation of Steam cooking with a steam jacketed cooking vessel. It also focuses on the technical and design aspects of the new system and provides a detail study of observations after implementation of the system (Signatures of Student) __________________ 25 March 2012 (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ 30 March 2012 Page | 1 BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE, PILANI (RAJASTHAN) Practice School Division Response Option Sheet Station: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd. ID No. Name(s): Pratap Deshmukh Centre: Valsad, Gujrat 2008A8PS251G Title of the Project: AUTOMATED STEAM JACKETED COOKING VESSEL Code No. 1. 2. 3. Response Options A new course can be designed out of this project. The project can help modification of the course content of some of the existing courses. The project can be used directly in some of the existing Compulsory Discipline Courses (CDC)/Discipline Courses Other Than Compulsory (DCOC)/Emerging Area (EA) etc. Courses The project can be used in preparatory courses like Analysis and Application Orientated Courses (AAOC)/ Engineering Sciences (ES)/Technical Arts (TA) and Core Courses This project cannot come under any of the above mentioned options as it relates to the professional work of the host organization. Course No. (s) Name 4. 5. YES Signatures of Students) __________________ (Signature of PS faculty) __________________ Page | 2 Abstract: Gadhia Solar is an innovative Solar Thermal Energy Company, focused on providing energy solutions by using Parabolic Concentrated Technology, backed by technical support from HTT GmbH of Germany. Since its inception, Gadhia Solar has been a technologically, solution focused company driven by strong passion for environmental and social contribution combined with high creativity and integrity. The company is into researching and developing new alternatives to harvest the unfathomable source of energy. Automated Steam Jacketed Vessel is a new kind of cooking vessel in itself. The vessels used for soalr thermal cooking are one with direct injection of steam and have limited usability. But with jacketed cooking vessel, any kind of food item can be cooked since the food does not come in contact with the steam. For cooking food, the temperature of the vessel should be maintained in the bracket of 80-120OC which will not only cook the food faster, but also won’t burn it. The vessel was designed with the help of Dr. Vivek Wasekar and for automation of the cooking process; I worked with Mr. Veera Prasad Gadde. For the automation, a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC) is being used which will read the temperature inside the vessel with the help of a Resistance Temperature Detector (RTD) and thereby control the cooking process. Two Solenoid Valves are being used to control the flow of steam and the condensate inside the jacket. And also a pressure regulator is being used to regulate the pressure of the steam from the header. The parabolic dishes will generate the steam inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, the steam at high pressure at around 15 bar will be let into the outlet. The pressure regulator will regulate the pressure of the steam to a value of around 3 bar which will go towards first solenoid valve. When the cooking process is started, the first valve will open and let the steam into the jacketed vessel. The steam will raise the temperature and thereby cook the food. For the initial implementation, three food items have been considered i. e. rice, dal and vegetables. According to the food item being cooked, the controller will decide the temperature and time for cooking and proceed with the cooking. The second solenoid valve will remove the condensate from the jacket of the vessel. Two different loops will be simultaneously controlling both valves till the process is stopped or completed. Page | 3 About the company: Using the power of sun as source of energy, Gadhia Solar has implemented some of the world’s largest Solar Thermal Systems in last two decades. Be it industrial, agricultural, institutional or domestic, Gadhia Solar has been a pioneering company with major breakthrough in this area. With extensive experience in installing solar thermal energy systems throughout India and armed with ever improving production facility, Gadhia Solar is the pioneer and market leader in solar thermal energy systems. You read "My Final Year Project" in category "Essay examples" Gadhia Solar has achieved the ability to develop various applications based on Solar Concentrators like: Solar Cooking Applications o Steam Cooking o Thermic Oil based Cooking, o Direct Cooking, o Small Cookers for Family Solar Power Plants Solar Air-Conditioning Space Heating Systems Process Heat for Various Industrial Applications Large Scale Drinking Water Systems Solar Hot Water of up to 90 0C Solar Incineration Solar Crematorium Waste Water Evaporation Solar Desalination Solar Water / Milk Pasteurization Specialized in solar thermal technology for the last two decades, Gadhia Solar is able to provide innovative and cost effective energy solutions for various applications on turnkey basis. Gadhia Solar has a highly focused and dedicated team for research and development in Germany and complimented by a well equipped and automated manufacturing in India. Page | 4 List of Figures Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 14 Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 16 Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 17 Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 20 Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve à ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 21 Page | 5 TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER NO. TITLE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ABSTRACT SHEET RESPONSE OPTION SHEET ABSTRACT OF PROJECT ABOUT THE COMPANY LIST OF FIGURES PAGE NO. 0 1 2 3 4 5 1. . 2. 1 2. 2 2. 3 2. 4 3 3. 1 4. 5. 5. 1 5. 2 5. 3 6. Introduction Solar Thermal Cooking Scheffler Reflectors. Steam Generation Current Procedure of Cooking Current Design of Vessel Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Designing the vessel. Steam Flow with Diagram Automation Instruments Required Logic Diagram Programming Completed Work and Implementation References 7 9 9 12 13 15 16 16 17 18 18 20 22 23 24 Page | 6 1. Introduction: Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd. has been making Scheffler reflectors for various purposes. The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible. At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient for the construction of the reflector. The movement started when the first well functioning Scheffler-Reflector (size: 1,1m x 1,5m) was successfully built by Mr. Wolfgang Scheffler in 1986 at a mission-station in North-Kenya. Since then the technology has been continuously improved and passed on to many motivated people. This lead to the use of Scheffler reflectors in not just cooking but also other applications like VAM, cold storage, etc. For cooking application, these Scheffler-reflectors are used to generate steam in the header pipe. The water inside the header is heated with the reflector and due to the continuous input of heat; steam at high pressure is generated inside the header. When the outlet of the header is opened, this steam at a higher temperature and pressure is used for cooking. A valve is connected to the steam line which goes to the cooking vessel. When the valve is opened, the steam is let into the vessel and hence the food is cooked with it. Gadhia Solar Energy Systems Pvt Ltd has installed many solar cooking systems in India. They have installed the world’s largest solar parabolic concentrated technology systems at Shri Saibaba Sansthan Trust, Shirdi. This system uses the same Scheffler- reflectors to produce steam from water and uses that generated steam to cook the food. The solar cooking vessels used currently are being operated manually and needs at least one labor per cooking vessel to operate. The cooking is done by direct injection of steam into the vessel. When the food is cooked by direct injection of steam into the food, as the steam is at high pressure and temperature, it comes out of the vessel. Therefore all of the energy of the steam cannot be utilized for cooking. This increases the heat losses and also increases the cooking time. Also due to the type of vessel, it is not possible to cook different types of food. Risk of contamination is also involved if the water source is not clean. So for this purpose a new design of cooking vessel was proposed. This vessel used the energy of steam to heat the food without coming in contact with it. The Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel Page | 7 was designed to solve the problems which were faced by the earlier used cooking vessel. In this vessel, the steam was being passed in the jacket around the cooking vessel. As the steam condenses inside the jacket, it transfers its heat energy to the food inside and cooks the food. For the Automation of the cooking process, a Programmable Logic Controller is used which will control the temperature inside the cooking vessel and cook the food accordingly. The temperature inside the vessel will be measured by a RTD (Resistance Temperature Detector). This reading will be processed by the PLC as an Analog Input, and according to the food item selected to be cooked, the PLC will select the cooking temperature and time and start the process on user’s command. The process can be controlled by a START button, STOP button, and food type selection button defining RICE, DAL and VEGETABLE for each button. The operator first needs to select the type of food that has to be cooked. According to the selection, respective LED will turn on which will show the food item selected. Even after selecting an item, the choice can be changed to another food item. After selection, the START button is required to be pressed which will start the cooking. The cooking algorithm will take care of the temperature and the time required for cooking. If the food gets cooked before the timer gets over, or something goes wrong with the process, the operator can manually shut everything down by pressing STOP button. This cooking vessel will increase the types of food that can be cooked with steam. The automation of the vessel will reduce the need of manual labor and will also cook the food faster at optimum temperatures. Page | 8 2. Solar Thermal Cooking: 2. 1 The Scheffler Reflector: The Idea The basic idea that leads to the development of the Scheffler- Reflectors was to make solar cooking as comfortable as possible. At the same time the device should be build in a way that allows it to be constructed in any rural welding workshop in southern countries after a certain period of training. The locally available materials must be sufficient. The Technology To make cooking simple and comfortable the cooking-place should not have to be moved, even better: it should be inside the house and the concentrating reflector outside in the sun. The best solution was an eccentric, flexible parabolic reflector which rotates around an axis parallel to earth-axis, synchronous with the sun. Additionally the reflector is adjusted to the seasons by flexing it in a simple way. How does this work? The reflector is a small lateral section of a much larger paraboloid. The inclined cut produces the typical elliptical shape of the Scheffler-Reflector. The sunlight that falls onto this section of the paraboloid is reflected sideways to the focus located at some distance of the reflector. The axis of daily rotation is located exactly in north-south-direction, parallel to earth axis and runs through the centre of gravity of the reflector. That way the reflector always maintains its gravitational equilibrium and the mechanical tracking device (clockwork) doesn’t need to be driven by much force to rotate it synchronous with the sun. The focus is located on the axis of rotation to prevent it from moving when the reflector rotates. The distance between focus and centre of the reflector depends on the selected parabola. During the day the concentrated light will only rotate around its own centre but not move Page | 9 ideways in any direction. That way the focus stays fixed, which is very useful, as it means the cooking-pot doesn’t have to be moved either. In the course of the seasons the incident angle of the solar radiation varies + / – 23. 5 ° in relation with the perpendicular to earth-axis. The paraboloid has to perform the same change of inclination in order to stay directed at the sun. Otherwise it’s not possible to obtain a sharp focal point. But the centre of the reflector and the position of the focus are not allowed to move. This is only possible by shaping the reflector after another parabola for each seasonal inclinationangle of the sun, i. e. for each day of the year. This means the reflector has to change its shape. The reflector-frame is build for equinox. By inclining and elastically deforming the reflectorframe all other parabolas can be achieved with sufficient accuracy. Changing the inclination and deforming the reflector are mechanically combined: the two pivots, at each side of the reflector-frame, and a pivot in the centre of the reflector, do not form a line, but the second is located below. That way inclining the reflector leads to a change in its depth, the centre of the reflector is lifted up (big radius of crossbars) or pressed down (small radius of crossbars) relative to the reflector-frame. It’s enough to adjust the upper and lower end of the reflector to their correct position to obtain a sufficiently exact reflector-shape. The setting is done by a telescopic bar at each end of the reflector. Adjusting the reflector-shape has to be done manually every 2-3 days. When all concentrated light enters the opening of the cooking-place installed at the focal point the correct reflectorshape is achieved. After passing the opening the light is redirected by a small reflector (secondary reflector) to the black bottom of the cooking pot. There it is absorbed and transformed into heat. The efficiency for cooking, i. e. heating water from 25 °C to 100 °C, can reach up to 57% and depends on the cleanliness of the eflector-surface and the state of insulation of the cooking-pot. At the focalpoint itself we have measured optical efficiency of up to 75% (with 2mm ordinary glass mirrors). Depending on the season an elliptical reflector of 2,8m x 3. 8m (standard size of 8m? Sche fflerReflector) collects the sunlight of a 4,3m? to 6,4m? area, measured perpendicular to the direction of the incident light (aperture). That way the cooking power varies with the season. As an average a 8m? Reflector can bring 22 liters of cold water to boiling temperature within one hour (with 700W/m? direct solar radiation). Page | 10 There are many options for the design of the cooking-place. Mostly it is integrated into a kitchen building and provides the possibility to use firewood for cooking when the sun doesn’t shine. Depending on the type of food which is cooked there is no need for a secondary reflector. This increases the efficiency and simplifies maintenance. Instead of a cooking-place a backing-oven, steam-generator or heat-storage can be installed at the focal-point. Page | 11 2. 2 Steam Generation: With the use of the Schefflor Reflectors, steam at high temperature and pressure can be generated with ease. Steam in saturated temperature can be made available at high pressure by concentrating the focus and heating the water in a closed system with the focused heat. The focus of the reflector has to be concentrated onto a receiver of the header pipe. The receiver is painted black to absorb most of the radiation incident on it. The temperature of the focus of a 16m2 Scheffler Reflector can be as high as 700oC and at the receiver it is around 230oC. At such high temperatures, the water inside the header is being heated. Because of the continuous heat supply from the reflector, the water inside the header gets converted into steam. With time, more steam is being generated and pressure inside the header increases. It is possible to get pressure of 15 barg in around 4 hours using four 12. 5 m2 Scheffler Reflectors under ideal conditions and this steam can be used to cook two batches of 25kg of rice. Page | 12 2. Current procedure of cooking: The current procedure for cooking is by direct injection of steam into the cooking vessel. The food cooked by this procedure consists of mainly rice, dal and some vegetables. All of them are cooked in direct steam. First the outlet valve of the header is opened to a little extent. The drain valve at the vessel is opened to remove the condensate. After every cooking session, there is leftover condensate in the steam line. Since that condensate should not come in contact with food, it needs to be drained out first. After the condensate is removed, the condensate valve is closed and the steam is let into the cooking vessel. The cooking vessel contains a predefined amount of water with the food to be cooked. The steam is passed through the mixture, the temperature increases and the cooking starts. Also the operator needs to stir the mixture at regular intervals. In a 100 liters cooking vessel, it takes almost 15 minutes to cook around 28 kilograms of rice. Since the process involves direct injection of steam, the water used reaches the boiling quickly and the food gets cooked faster. But during cooking, after the water has reached its boiling point, a huge amount of steam goes starts to escape the vessel as the vessel has an open lid. This results into loss of a lot of heat energy which could have been used in cooking the rice quickly. When the food gets cooked, the stand of the vessel has a tilting arrangement with the help of which the operator can take out the food from the vessel. So all the valves are closed and then the vessel is tilted to take the food out. The food is not processed after that, it is collected and served directly. Page | 13 2. 4 Current Design of vessel The current design of the cooking vessel is very effective for direct steam cooking. But for the food items which cannot be cooked by steam directly, it is very difficult for the operator to cook such foods. As mentioned the current design uses a direct injection system. The steam from header is carried by the steam line to the vessel where it is regulated with the help of a ball valve. The construction of the vessel is made to facilitate cooking with the help of steam. The vessel’s bottom dish is a regular torispherical dish and it has a shell of same diameter of that of the bottom dish. There is another plate with a defined curvature above the bottom dish with small holes in it. This plate is for passing the steam into the cooking material. When food is put into the vessel, some predefined amount of water is added with it. So during cooking process, the water gets heated initially and then the cooking starts. Due to direct injection of steam at temperature greater than 100oC, the water reaches boiling point in a short period of time. Thus the cooking process starts. The operator closes the valve when he thinks that the food is appropriately cooked. Figure 1: Previous Direct Steam Injection Cooking Vessel Page | 14 The present design has some benefits, but there is also another side to it. There are some problems with the current design which cannot be rectified without changing the design. The Advantages and Disadvantages of the present design are listed below. Advantages: 1. It facilitates faster cooking time. 2. Since less material is used in manufacture, it saves manufacturing cost. 3. The design is simple which reduces manufacturing time. 4. As it is lighter, it is easier to transport. Disadvantages: 1. There are substantial heat losses during the cooking process. 2. Since the operators cook in an open lid vessel to keep a watch on the food, lot of steam escapes the vessel resulting decreasing the efficiency of process. 3. If the condensed water in the steam line is contaminated, then there are chances of the food getting contaminated. 4. As the outer shell is not insulated, operator has to be cautious or it could lead to injuries. Page | 15 3. Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. 3. 1 Designing the Vessel. The design of the vessel was to be made in such a way that it is easy and economic to manufacture. The material chosen for the pilot project of Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel was Stainless Steel of the grade 304. This material was chosen as it is not affected by steam and it also resists corrosion. The size of the vessel was chosen to be 100 liters. The dimensions of the inner vessel were taken from the existing direct steam injection vessel whose volume was 10 liters. Then according to the pressure calculations, the thickness of the sheet and volume of the jacket was defined. The thickness of the vessel is defined as 4mm and volume of the jacket is approximately 1 cubic m for a pressure of 3 barg inside the jacket of the vessel. The vessel is having 3 openings in the outer shell. Two of them are on the horizontal shell and one is in the bottom of the outer dish end. Out of the three openings, one is used for steam injection, one for a safety valve and the bottom one for removal of condensate. All the openings are of 1 inch diameter and will have pipes welded to it for injection of steam, safety valve and condensate removal. The vessel will have two more openings which will be used to mount the RTD and the temperature gauge to measure the temperature inside the vessel. The final drawing of the vessel is shown in FIG 1. Figure 2: Steam Jacketed Cooking Vessel. Page | 16 4. Steam Flow Diagrams. Water is supplied to the header tank from an overhead tank. Either the overhead tank is at a greater height than that of header, or a sometimes a small pump is used to pump water into the Header. The Solar Concentrators are focused on the receivers mounted on the header pipe. The receivers are painted black to absorb maximum amount of radiation incident on it. These receivers heat the water inside the header and generate steam at higher pressure. This generated steam is vented to the Steam line and the pressure is controlled by the Pressure regulating valve. The solenoid valve SOV1 controls the steam input into the vessel. Thus the temperature inside the vessel can be controlled by controlling SOV1. As the steam is let inside, it will condense after giving its heat. For removal of this condensate, another solenoid valve has been provided SOV2. This valve will remove the condensate at regular intervals. Figure 3: Steam Flow Diagram Page | 17 5. Automation 5. 1 Instruments required. 1. Programmable Logic Controller: A programmable logic controller (PLC) or programmable controller is a digital computer used for automation of electromechanical processes, such as control of machinery on factory assembly lines, amusement rides, or light fixtures. PLCs are used in many industries and machines. Unlike general-purpose computers, the PLC is designed for multiple inputs and output arrangements, extended temperature ranges, immunity to electrical noise, and resistance to vibration and impact. Programs to control machine operation are typically stored in battery-backed-up or nonvolatile memory. A PLC is an example of a real time system since output results must be produced in response to input conditions within a limited time, otherwise unintended operation will result. 2. 2-way ON/OFF Solenoid Valve A solenoid valve is an electromechanical valve for use with liquid or gas. The valve is controlled by an electric current through a solenoid: in the case of a two-port valve the flow is switched on or off; in the case of a three-port valve, the outflow is switched between the two outlet ports. For this application, two valves will be used. One will be controlling the steam injection into the jacket. The other valve will be taking care of condensate removal from the jacket. 3. Resistance Temperature Detector. Resistance temperature detectors (RTDs) are sensors used to measure temperature by correlating the resistance of the RTD element with temperature. Most RTD elements consist of a length of fine coiled wire wrapped around a ceramic or glass core. The element is usually quite fragile, so it is often placed inside a sheathed probe to protect it. The RTD element is made from a pure material whose resistance at various temperatures has been documented. The material has a predictable change in resistance as the temperature changes; it is this predictable change that is used to determine temperature. Page | 18 For this application, we will be using a PT-100 RTD with a thermowell. The RTD will be mounted inside the thermowell for its protection from the steam inside the jacket. Thermowell also enables us to change the RTD with ease in case the RTD fails. 4. Pressure Regulator: A pressure regulator is a valve that automatically cuts off the flow of a liquid or gas at a certain pressure. Regulators are used to allow high-pressure fluid supply lines or tanks to be reduced to safe and/or usable pressures for various applications. Since the header pressure is much more than needed for the application, the pressure will be reduced using a Pressure Regulator. The pressure needed for the application is 3 barg while the header can supply pressure 0-15 barg. To have a steady supply of steam and maintain the pressure and temperature, we will be using a pressure regulator. 5. Temperature Gauge with Thermowell: Temperature Gauge is a device that measures temperature or temperature gradient using a variety of different principles. A Temperature gauge has two important elements: the temperature sensor in which some physical change occurs with temperature, plus some means of converting this physical change into a numerical value. A temperature gauge mounted inside a threaded thermowell will be used. Since the temperature reading needed is of the food inside the vessel, the temperature gauge will be mounted on the side of the vessel just like the RTD. The thermowell will protect the Temperature Gauge rom steam inside the jacket of the vessel. Page | 19 5. 2 Logic Diagram: The first diagram displays the logic for controlling cooking process. With turning the device ON, it will start the procedure. According to the outcome of the decision block, it will decide and execute. Figure 4: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking procedure Page | 20 The algorithms given below control the cooking of the food by maintain a specific temperature bracket inside the vessel.  ±3oC range is provided so that the solenoid valves won’t switch ON/OFF at particular temperature which could result in damage. The second logic is for the condensate valve SOV2 which will be ON/OFF at regular intervals. Figure 5: Logic Diagram for controlling cooking and Condensate Valve Page | 21 5. 3 Programming Most of the Programmable Logic Controllers use a different programming language. The language used by them is called Ladder Logic. Ladder logic is a programming language that represents a program by a graphical diagram based on the circuit diagrams of relay logic hardware. It is primarily used to develop software for programmable logic controllers (PLCs) used in industrial control applications. The name is based on the observation that programs in this language resemble ladders, with two vertical rails and a series of horizontal rungs between them. The previously shown logic will be made in Ladder Logic. It will then be downloaded into the flash memory of the Programmable Logic Controller. The PLC will execute the logic and accordingly it will monitor and process the parameters involved. In this project, the opening and closing of both valves and will be monitoring the temperature during the process. The program is made on proprietary software which is supplied by the vendor of the PLC. Every PLC make has specific software which is used to build the program and download the program into the PLC. It can also be used to change the process parameters in online mode. The software also provides offline simulation of the process. For data logging purposes, usually different software is used. The Ladder Logic for the project is under construction and will be finished by the time procurement of all the instruments is done. The parameters which need to be used in the logic will be found out during the processing of the procurement of instruments. During the period of procurement, the manufacturing of the vessel and designing the ladder logic will be done. Page | 22 6. Completed Work and Implementation: From the start, the project has been progressed according to the timeline. Now, all the instruments and material needed for the project has been indented and is in process. Some of the instruments have been dispatched. But for procuring the entire indent, it is going to take some more time. Meanwhile, since the Logic is available, the ladder program is being made and is approaching completion. Also, the manufacturing of vessel is in process and the vessel will be ready by the end of next week. After program is completed, some more time will be given to test it in offline mode and debug the program is any bugs are found. After all the materials are processed and the final values for the process parameters are found out, the project will enter the implementation and testing phase. The entire infrastructure needed for the cooking vessel and the instruments will be constructed on the site. For different types of foods, the values initially found out of temperature and time will be used. If the parameters are not off by some amount, they will be rectified and the control will be made as efficient as possible. During the implementation, various temperature and time readings will be taken. For every type of food item, a detailed sheet should be made which will have all the parameters. According to the observed readings, new and better parameters will be decided which should reduce the cooking time and also increase the efficiency. Page | 23 References: The Scheffler – reflector http://www. solare-bruecke. org/ www. en. wikipedia. com http://www. spiraxsarco. com/resources/resources. asp www. mnre. gov. in Page | 24 How to cite My Final Year Project, Essay examples

Music of the Baroque Period free essay sample

Music of the Baroque Period ay representatives Review Questions 1. What is a symphony? A symphony is an elaborate musical composition for full orchestra, typically in four movements, at least one of which is traditionally in sonata form. 2. What is a sonata? How is it related to the sonata form? A sonata is a composition for an instrumental soloist, with piano accompaniment, in several movements with one or more in sonata form. Sonata form is a piece of music in three sections, in ABA form, which are exposition, development, and recapitulation. . What is a coda? A coda is pieces at the end off musical piece that are extended past the capitulation. 4. What are the three different parts of the sonata form? Describe each part. The first part of sonata from is the exposition. The exposition Is where the composer exposes the themes of the music which are the first subject group and the second subject group. We will write a custom essay sample on Music of the Baroque Period or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The second is the development. The development Is the section of the music where the composer builds on the themes that were Introduced in the exposition.This is also where the tension in the piece is built up. The recapitulation is the third and final part of the sonata form and it Is the exposition Is slightly repeated. The tension from the development eases, and the sound is subtle again. 5. What are the three different periods of Beethovens work? Describe each part. Beethovens work was organized into the early, the middle and the late periods. Rhea early period was from 1779-1802, and thats when he composed his first and second symphonies. The middle period was from 1803-1814.He experimented with different techniques at that time. The late period was from 1815-1827, and his works reflect the transition Into the Romantic period. Critical Thinking Questions 5. What are the characteristics of the music of the Classical period? When referring to he music of the classical period, people think about the Viennese school. Many great composers attended the school, such as Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. The Classical music period was a mix of many different Ideas, as everyone was sharing thoughts, and music. . How does the music of the Classical period differ from the music of the Baroque period? The music of the baroque period was said to be classified as a period of elaborate music. The music of the Classical period Is more down to earth music and sought after beauty rather than complex melodies. A coda is pieces at the end of a musical piece that are extended past the ACH part. The first part of sonata from is the exposition. The exposition is where the the second subject group. The second is the development.The development is the section of the music where the composer builds on the themes that were introduced recapitulation is the third and final part of the sonata form and it is the exposition is reflect the transition into the Romantic period. Composers attended the school, such as Haydn, Mozart, and Beethoven. The Classical music period was a mix of many different ideas, as everyone was sharing thoughts, period of elaborate music.

Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere

A Free Press and Democratic Public Sphere â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the d... Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere Free Essays on A Free Press And A Democratic Public Sphere A Free Press and Democratic Public Sphere â€Å"Burke said there were three estates in Parliament, but in the reporters’ gallery yonder there sat a fourth estate more important than they all. It is not a figure of speech, or a witty saying; it is a literal fact†¦Printing, which comes necessarily out of writing, I say often, is equivalent to democracy; invent writing and democracy is inevitable†¦Whoever can speak, speaking now for the whole nation, becomes a power, a branch of government, with inalienable weight in law making, in all acts of authority. It matters not what rank he has, what revenuers or garnitures: the requisite thing is that he have a tongue which others will listen to.† Since the invention of the printing press the mass media’s effect on politics has been hard to understate. Political theories have been born and died in the span of time marked by the evolution of what we now call mass communication. In this time liberal democracy has come to the forefront as the basic theory behind the systems of government now employed by most all western nations . Together democracy, mass communication, or mass media, capitalism, and the entrepreneurial spirit, which comes there from, have sparked the most rapid period of innovation and invention in the history of the world and some of the freest, most open, and politicly legitimate societies ever to exist. In theory then, mass media is not only beneficial to a democratic public sphere; it is quite imperative. Still, the world does not exist merely in theory, and theory and reality often differ. Today’s mass media, as it has evolved, contains many contradictions that hinder its ability to provide â €Å"equal access†¦to sources of information and equal opportunities to participate in the debates from which political decisions rightly flow.† Nonetheless, because today’s mass media exists in a free press environment the media is of great benefit to democracy. At the d...

List of Works by Writer Henrik Ibsen

List of Works by Writer Henrik Ibsen Henrik Ibsen is one of the most famous and controversial writers in world literature. Born in Norway in 1828, his plays would make him a household name. Ibsen is a founder of the Modernist theater movement. His plays broke new ground and earned him the nickname the father of realism, a style of theater that focused on domestic interactions. The goal of realism was to create theater that resembled real life and had dialogue that sounded more natural. Ibsen is best known for the play A Dolls House, which deals with the limitations and harsh expectations of women at the time. Henrik Ibsen List of Works 1850 - Catiline (Catilina)1850 - The Burial Mound also known as The Warriors Barrow (Kjà ¦mpehà ¸jen)1851 - Norma (Norma)1852 - St. Johns Eve (Sancthansnatten)1854 - Lady Inger of Oestraat (Fru Inger til Østeraad)1855 - The Feast at Solhaug (Gildet paa Solhoug)1856 - Olaf Liljekrans (Olaf Liljekrans)1857 - The Vikings at Helgeland (Hà ¦rmà ¦ndene paa Helgeland)1862 - Digte - only released collection of poetry1862 - Loves Comedy (Kjà ¦rlighedens Komedie)1863 - The Pretenders (Kongs-Emnerne)1866 - Brand (Brand)1867 - Peer Gynt (Peer Gynt)1869 - The League of Youth (De unges Forbund)1873 - Emperor and Galilean (Kejser og Galilà ¦er)1877 - Pillars of Society (Samfundets Stà ¸tter)1879 - A Dolls House (Et Dukkehjem)1881 - Ghosts (Gengangere)1882 - An Enemy of the People (En Folkefiende)1884 - The Wild Duck (Vildanden)1886 - Rosmersholm (Rosmersholm)1888 - The Lady from the Sea (Fruen fra Havet)1890 - Hedda Gabler (Hedda Gabler)1892 - The Master Builder (Bygmester Solness)1896 - John Gabriel Borkman (John Gabriel Borkman) 1899 - When We Dead Awaken (Nà ¥r vi dà ¸de vaagner) Inspiration for A Dolls House Ibsens most famous work, which is often considered an early feminist masterpiece, was based on the life of Laura Kieler, a friend of the authors. Kieler had a rocky relationship with her husband. She asked Isben to help her find a publisher for her work, but the author refused. Kieler needed money to pay for her husbands medical bills. With no way to earn money, she decided to forge a loan. Her husband divorced her and had her committed to an asylum upon learning of her crime. Ibsen was deeply disturbed by what had happened and his role in it. Ibsen felt inspired to write A Dolls House, much of the protagonists plight is taken from Kielers ordeal. She served two years in the asylum before returning to her ex-husband and children. She would go on to become a successful Norwegian author but, to her dismay, was forever linked to Ibsens play.

Applying Diversity Challenges to Your Chosen Field Research Paper

Applying Diversity Challenges to Your Chosen Field - Research Paper Example This affects the process of learning and even noted to be creating a blockage in easy development of approaches that I enjoyed during my secondary course (Grace & Wells, 2007). Specially mentioning, the different experiences of life either block or support the development of cognitive ability to meet the elated requirements of the society and likewise enhance learning ability. However, the accumulation of diverse group of people belonging to different sections and cultural backgrounds certainly enhanced my ability to maintain greater sustainable development within my field of learning i.e. ESL (Drago-Severson, 2004). Additionally, the racial as well as diversified ethnic identities even acted as majorly influencing the mode of learning. In my learning filed i.e. ESL, I came across huge level of gender biasness, representing the fact that ethnic communities are affecting the universal development of people. Sexual orientation of different societies is also noted to be affecting the needs of the people, resulting in affecting the learning processes. Based on my understanding, the only mode of learning for a group of people belonging to diverse culture could be developed by proper use of integrated learning approaches and development of teacher-student relationship (Caffarella & Daffron, 2013). Grace, A. P., & Wells, K. (2007). Using Freirean pedagogy of just IRE to inform critical social learning in arts-informed community education for sexual minorities. Adult Education Quarterly, 57(2),

Appreciation of works of art Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Appreciation of works of art - Essay Example Asymmetry is evident in the painting because there is an imbalance of the number of people on the right and on the left sides. On the right side of the painting where a group of people are gathered, the space from which they are staying creates a sense of depth to the viewer through the use of hatching. Looking at the portrait, one could almost understand that behind the opening or door from which the people are standing; there is a deeper space wherein more people could be present, or at least it is a path where the people entered through. The lines that are used also create distance. From the viewer’s point of view, since there are no borders used on the edges of the painting, there is a distance created wherein one can see a front and a back side. The lines at the back of the three people on the center make the setting look narrower at the back, suggesting that it is farther than where the three characters are located similar to how things are seen in reality. For instance, when something is near a viewer, it is big and clear enough for someone to see the details. However, as the viewer stays farther away from the object, it becomes smaller and can only be determined largely by its shape. This is what happens in the painting. Since the back wall is shown to be bounded by width and height in contrast to the open space on the ‘front’ of the people, it appears to be farther away from the viewer and therefore, creates distance. Moreover, Pilate is shown to be nearer the viewer than the other characters. This is done by completing every detail that shows the man washing his hands, seated on his chair with all his raiment and other uncovered part of his body visible. In contrast, the man pouring the water on the basin seems to be a little farther behind Pilate because some parts of his body are covered such as his leg. The basin in front of him covers his left leg so that the illustration looks realistic creating an illusion that makes him appe ar to be located a bit farther than the main character. The same is true with the man standing behind with a green robe. His feet are not shown, suggesting that they are covered by the man seated on front of him. Consequently, space is created as well because of the distance that is portrayed by the lines mentioned earlier. Pilate seems to be sitting right in the middle of the room because there is a space left on the front which seems to be bare. This is effectively done by placing the chair of Pilate a few squares away from the bare floor. In addition, the distances between the figures such as between Pilate and the people show the spaces created in the picture as well. The placing of the people also creates the illusion of space in a similar fashion as described above. For instance, the hands of the two men behind the man in green robe on the right side of the painting show a sense of distance and space. The hand of the man in red turban does not only seem to be father behind the hand of the man in front of him but it also creates some space between them. Symbolism could also perhaps be evident in the painting. For instance, it is known that Pilate did not find any crime committed by Jesus so that he did not like to crucify him. However, since the people are becoming wild in their demands, he had to make a decision that he was not really satisfied about. To keep the peace and order of the community, he had

Quantity Surveying And Construction Management Construction Essay

Quantity Surveying And Construction Management Construction Essay The Qatar Construction Industry aims to form a complete waste management plan make honest with the state master plan and with a strong stress on recycling. The targets are to recycle 38 % of solid waste, up from the current 8 %, and cover domestic waste group at 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development Strategy (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed. Qatar produces more than seven hundred thousand tonnes of solid waste every one day. Much of it is crowded into landfills, with the underdeveloped recycling industry handling only 8 % of the waste At presently 91 % of nondomestic waste is taken in a straight line to landfills, and the bulk of what is eventually recycled is picked through by companies that sift through the waste at the landfills. Qatar will take on an involved strategy to cover the levels of waste produced by industry and to recycle much more of what waste is produced. The government published a policy text (QSAS) in 2010 in order to try and initiate better waste management activities within the construction sector. This chapter appraises to introduce the dissertation according the following sections: background of the research; the research aim and objectives, outline methodology for the research; and the structure of the dissertation. The purpose of this chapter is to explore the background of the research set out the setting for details of the dissertation, the importance, and further more continue with an exploration of the research aims and the chapter conclude with an outline of the objectives; literature review, data collection and analysis. Its comprise the entire chapter which are contain in the dissertation and finalize with an explanation of the dissertation structure. BACKGROUND The waste management has been a long issue worry for the public, Increasing the Amount of waste by increasing the population producing, therefor continually been a concern that where waste drives or sprits. It is being determined by the most economically feasible selection and with slight concern for the earth natural environment The principal importance is in waste escaping. Waste reduction can be defined as any technique, process or activity which avoids, eliminates or reduces a waste at its source, typically within the confines of the production unit (Williams, 2005). Producers must take responsibility for creating long-term produces with increased durability (Cooper, 1994). Waste decrease is the main to reducing the rising waste mountain and that is the main to sustainable waste management. In a construction site whether you can be as a contractor, subcontractor, site director or a site member of staff, discovery that how to reduce, reuse and recycle construction wastes is important. It will not only benefit to save money at site, but it also permits you to pay an important part to reduce the construction harm that construction waste effects to the environment. AIM The aim of the research is to identify and establish sustainability of waste reduce, reuse and recycle the waste in construction industry and analyzing the real presentation in the Doha Qatar Construction Industry. OBJECTIVE To identify the percentage waste management practice within the construction industry in relation to barrier/block. Finding out how does the waste in construction been produced To identify the answers why wastes are arise in construction site and the solution on it To identify the solutions for incredulous barrier and recommend more sustainable methods. To identify the feasible answer to overcome barrier and to advise practical recommendation using best available method on how waste can be achieved advance sustainably. Identify the solution for solving the waste reduce, reuse and recycle the waste for a better environment. OUTLINE RESEARCH METHODOLGY The Outline of the research methodology is limited to literature review, data collection and analysis. The involved review of establish waste management theory form Books, journals and internet finding. The important concerns were found on this research to explore more and from the research exploration to be used questionnaires to assembled facts. The exploratory questionaries assemble to enlarge the research in an excellence method. The questionnaires was focused more than 150 organization within the Doha Qatar Construction Industry and the inquiry was mainly conducted through the Email and online questionnaires The data which are collected would then be analyzed to gain a conclusion towards the dissertation. More details about the methodology are mentioned in chapter 4 of this dissertation. STRUCTURE OF THE RESEARCH The dissertation is basically contains three main parts which are introduction, literature review and analysis of the collected data through questionnaires. The dissertation subject into six chapters, start with the introduction of the waste management, its comprising background to the study, aim and objectives and the explanation for undertaking the research. The second chapter comprises the concept of the waste and waste management. The three chapters comprise the concept of alternative materials used in construction. The chapter four comprises the research methodology used to data collection. The chapter five comprises analysis the questionnaires result consequence and discussion of the essential discovery for the research and the final chapter six completes the research process review and recommendation. SUMMARY The chapter set out to introduce the through a discussion of background to the research, its aim and objectives, the methodology to be employed and the details of the dissertation content. The research mainly concern to the aim of the dissertation is to explore sustainable waste management in Doha Qatar Construction Industry and explore the research objectives of the research. As a final point, the chapter accomplishes with an account of the dissertation structure. CHAPTER two Literature review CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REVIEW 1. INTRODUCTION The chapter primarily comprise the basic principal of sustainable waste management within Doha Qatar Construction Industry. It is mainly focussing the alternative material recovered and recycled form the construction waste as well. And review of the percentage construction industry in Doha Qatar. 2. WASTE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM The Waste management in construction needs planning as it is a necessary portion in the commencement of the tendering and in the complete project planning. Construction planning is completed in feature, the way to deliver the project on period, the quality of the project and within an proper financial plan. (Karim. K, 2000) A related method wants to be completed for waste management also. A waste management plan is a main portion of the route, similar other planning basics of the planning development. Generally in obverse area of the project place will be used as a loading area, by means of the material which are approaching to the site can be kept at this point and the back part will be used for storage the waste material, which will be kept in not the same hops, and little by little transported on view of the site with a loading truck (Guthrie and Mallet, 1995). The whole of labors on site want to be well knowledgeable around the method and techniques that are predictable of them in respects to reusing and recycling produces. Definite coloured baskets will cover convinced kind of waste. There would be baskets for recycling and rubbish mainly, every time the baskets are full, they will be deserted in the filling trucks, and in turns transported off site for further practices. In advance, the works bring into being, let easy right to use to storing zones to make sure that the materials are secure from some damage, and also let every single worker know where to discovery the storing zone for the specific kinds of materials. It is greatest to stock the materials away from waste materials. 2. CONCEPT OF WASTE MANAGEMENT The waste management is the conduct of waste materials. It can be almost anything and a primary objective of waste management today is to protect the public and the environment from potentially harmful effects of waste. The waste material is harmful by product of building progression in the construction sector and waste management is an essential method of finding and trating waste in order to minimize (BRE, 2003). One of the largest waste producers is the construction industry and the waste is producing 32 tons for disposal per year [Over view Construction waste in Doha Qatar, 2007]. 3. RECYCLING AND RECOVERY The recycling and recovery is the point if the waste cannot be re-used. Recycling and recovery only be carry out when the product no bigger functions or cannot be repaired (Cooper, 1994). Recycling can be defined as the followings; Collection Separation Clean-up Processing To produce the market productivity, Williams (2005) 4. WASTE TREATMENT The waste to reduction is going to landfill. Alternative waste treatment which create a negligible impact on environment as following; Recycling Composting Energy from waste Mechanical Biological Treatment Pyrolysis Gasification Combined pyrolysis-gasification Anaerobic digestion Mechanical Heat Treatment. Williams (2005). 5. KEY CONCERNS ON CONSTRUCTION WASTE The Qatar Construction Industry aims to form a complete waste management plan make honest with the state master plan and with a strong stress on recycling. The aims are to recycle 38 % of solid waste, up from the current 8 %, and cover domestic waste group at 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development Strategy (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed. Qatar produces more than seven hundred thousand tonnes of solid waste every single day. Much of it is crowded into landfills, with the underdeveloped recycling industry handling only 8 % of the waste. The Domestic waste about 30 % and, with nondomestic waste from construction industrial accounting for the rest. At this time 91 % of nondomestic waste is taken in a straight line to landfills, and the bulk of what is eventually recycled is picked through by companies that sift through the waste at the landfills. Qatar will take on an involved strategy to cover the levels of waste produced by industry and to recycle much more of what waste is produced. Ministry of Department of Environment MoE (2022) classify that the construction and demolition waste into five groups which are following; Construction and renovation- wood, roofing, fixtures, wall board, ductwork and piping, insulation materials and carpet. Roadwork- asphalt, concrete and earth filling. Excavated- earth, sand and stone. Building demolition- mixed rubble, concrete, steel beams and pipes, bricks, timber, fixture and fitting wastes. Site clearance- trees, brush, earth and the potential for mixed concrete rubble and sand. Most of the issues contribute to the construction waste generation on site. Most usually documented sources of construction waste are design, operational, material handling and procurement. Designated that the considerable amount of construction waste on site is directly associated to design mistakes. The construction industry is nature; it is essential that relies on good communication and close intersection for positive project delivery. It is mean the practical waste reduction strategies can only be expressed and implemented when interested party understand the original and reasons of the construction waste. 5. DIRECT AND INDIRECT WASTES Indirect wastes are always producing from the design stages of the construction project. These wastes are able to be preventing by having a good waste management, planning and foresight and as for direct wastes are produce form the construction project progress stages (Chris, 2009). 5.1 DIRECT WASTES Substitution of other material Impropriate scale of drawing have been produce Builder error such as over-digging in dimension and incorrect setting out Return of work to complete unfinished work. 5.2 INDIRECT WASTES Transport waste Site storage Conversation and cutting waste Material handling Lack of management in construction project Streaming from material that are wrongly specified 5. THE WASTE HIERARCHY The Gulf Cooperation Council GCC states accepted a continuous waste management scheme and a specialist upkeep trick for waste making, collection, sorting, treatment and disposal. Most of the waste management creeds and plans applied are based on universally recognized scientific method counted in Waste Management Hierarchy as shown on figure 00. Description: C:UsersirfanDesktop186567195.gif Figure 00: Waste hierarchy Source: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=186566927 Description: C:UsersirfanDesktop186567198.gif Figure 00: Waste hierarchy Source: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=186566927 The waste is escaping in the best perfect choice in the hierarchy. The theory dishonesties within the basis of not making the waste during the construction doing. 6. LANDFILLS IN DOHA QATAR The waste management located in Mesaieed in Doha Qatar is expected to decrease the waste disposed of in landfill to 3 % to 5 %, in this manner reducing the share of total waste sent to landfill from 92 % to 64 % (http://www.thepeninsulaqatar.com). The proficiency also will alter waste to energy and rise the level of waste recycling form 8 % to between 20 % and 25 %. It will be the five transfer positions as South Doha, West Doha, Industrial area, Dukhan and Al khor. Prepared with collection bunkers for splitting reusable such materials as concrete (aggregate), concrete (Block) metal (steel), timber and, glass are be % case in points of how companies can create practice or use of such materials. This will be helped to minimise the waste generation in the Qatar Construction Industry. The Qatar Construction Industry aims to form a complete waste management plan make honest with the state master plan and with a strong stress on recycling. The targets are to recycle 38 % of solid waste, up from the current 8 %, and cover domestic waste group at 1.6 kg/day, the Qatar National Development Strategy (NDS) 2011-2016 has exposed. At % 91 % of nondomestic waste is taken directly to landfills, and the bulk of what is eventually recycled is picked through by companies that sift through the waste at the landfills. Qatar will take on a involved strategy to cover the levels of waste produced by industry and to recycle much more of what waste is produced. 7. TREND OF WASTE GENERATION IN DOHA QATAR In December 1997, the Gulf Cooperation Council GCC countries adopted a uniform waste management system and an detecting instrument for waste production, collection, sorting, treatment and disposal. Most of the waste management regulations and strategies adopted are based on universally accepted scientific approach enumerated in Integrated Waste Management Hierarchy. 186567197 Figure 00: Waste Trend Source: http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/market-insight-top.pag?docid=186566927 8. WASTE MANAGEMENT IN DOHA QATAR CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY The Qatar Ministry of Environment MoE has arranged the fresh standards for the construction and demolition of waste material, defining what are the materials are satisfactory for recycling and re-usable in the construction industry in Doha Qatar. The new standard have been arranged with a view to establishing a fresh waste management talent, in positive techniques like to the Ministry of Environments Domestic solid waste management centre already in process near to Mesaieed Industrial City. The MoE said that a new facility to form neat the existing landfills to process Twenty Thousand tonnes of construction waste produced in Doha Qatar Industry. Around 40-50 % of construction and demolition waste is re-useable, but at the moment most of it is deposited in landfills. The following Table 00, 00 are display the arrangement of waste produced during the construction activities in Doha Qatar. NO DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS WASTE 1 Timber 38 % 2 Soil 18 % 3 Plastic 11 % 4 Cardboards 8 % 5 Metals 8 % 6 Hard Materials 8 % 7 Bio Organic 5 % 8 Cast formless 2 % 9 Gypsum 1 % 10 Chemicals or Paint 1 % Table 00- Doha Qatar Construction Waste Arrangement Source: Qatar Construction Site (http://www.qc-sites.com/) No Description of Materials Waste Type Waste 1 Timber 46 % 38 % 2 Soil 38 % 18 % 3 Plastic 46 % 11 % 4 Cardboards 46 % 8 % 5 Metals Recyclable 8 % 6 Hard Materials 38 % 8 % 7 Bio Organic 46 % 5 % 8 Cast formless 38 % 2 % 9 Gypsum 46 % 1 % 10 Chemicals or Paint Hazardous 1 % Table 00- Doha Qatar Construction Waste Arrangement Source: Qatar Construction Site (http://www.qc-sites.com/) 9. RECOVERY OPTIONS The Qatar aims to establish a wide ranging solid waste management plan aligned with the master plan and with the strong on recycling. Recovery is defined by the QDS in its document, assistance on MWMS as the worth to gain value form waste through recycling, other form of material, or recovery of energy and compositing. The Doha Qatar target to recycle 38 percentage of solid waste, up from the percentage 8 %, and contain domestic waste group 1.6kg/ day, the Qatar National Development Strategy QDS 2001 to 2006 has revealed (QDS 2009). Therefor gives value to waste, and attempts to create a situation where the landfill of waste, becomes an economically un-viable disposal route (Waite 1995). 10. RECOVERIES AND ENERGY FROM WASTE The recovery from waste as well-defined within the Waste Strategy is to achieve done of the followings. The statutory recovery targets as set by the Doha Qatar Ministry of Environment (MoE) are; Composting Recycling Energy Recovery Other forms of Materials Recovery Source: QSAS 11. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION Sustainable construction is meeting environmental and social duties, and same while successful effectiveness. The important features of sustainable construction are similar to those set for sustainable development. The end result is to decrease a firms detrimental things on the environment. Sustainable construction is usually used to describe the application of sustainable development to the construction industry, and balances 4 elements are following; Effective protection deed of the environment Prudent use of natural resources Social growth which recognizes the wants of everyone Maintenance of high and stable levels of economic growth and employment (CIRIA1, 2001). The industry is distinct by a number of subdivisions, all who plan, design, build, alter or maintain the built environment. Also its subsidiaries, those who making materials, suppliers, and end of life occupiers or owners. The entire life cycle of any structure, from initial concept to demolition must be encompassed in the meaning of sustainable construction. Buildings and structures alteration the face of towns and countryside, and their construction, use, repair, maintenance, and demolition consume vast amounts of energy and resources compared to many other industrial sectors, (DETR, 2000). 13. WHAT THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY CAN PREPARE There is the first step in moving to sustainable development; it is recognizing the strategic benefits of business environmental management can carry and to ensure that commitment to the environmental development exists in company (Welford1, 1998). In business, the concept of sustainability also embraces the three themes of the environment, economy and society. Bring changeover to sustainable construction, individual firms must comprehend and receive the devastating things their activities are having upon the environment, and the status of operating in an environmentally friendly manner. They will then have to commit to not only approving to modification how they function, but really set up a pro-active outline for all employees, suppliers, and sub-contractors to adhere to. Sustainable businesses that show social corporate responsibility profit financially through more efficient actions and use of resources expand their corporate image; and maintain a modest advantage, (MaSC, BRE, 2005). There are a number of steps firms can take towards sustainable construction, as identified by CIRIA, (2000). Create a commitment to address their influences Aim to be the finest and standard their performance Life cycle costs of products and their impacts Communicate with stakeholders with environmental and social reports Work with others in the supply chain to increase the act Develop staff awareness through training 14. PROFITS OF SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION The ten themes for action discussed above simply make good industry intelligence, e.g. designing a project for minimal waste (DTI1, 2003). 14.1 ENVIRONMENTAL Sustainable act can deliver significant business efficiency success. Thin construction and pollution deterrence can create the calculable cost savings. Recycling further waste material will minimize landfill tax and material purchasing costs. Improve competence through regulatory obedience Improve public and enhanced particular standing. Evasion of pollution events, averting penalties, law court overheads and bad public relations. 14.2 SOCIAL Improving proof of output improvements for staff complicate in environmental and social presentation improvement provisions. Commencing a social viewpoint, financial aids rise from better affairs with the clients, local groups and other sponsors. Well health and safety performs to develop competence and minimize accidents, saving both managerial time and legal costs and fines. 14.3 ECONOMICAL There are significant chances available to improve or stand marketplace Point. Making and business Doings will not be forced by local opposition, regulatory bodies or client necessities. Improving project supply is essential to construct trust with the clients, improve success and advantage. Inspire mutual, favorable long term relations with the clients. Source: CIRIA1, 2001 15 THE TEN THEMES FOR SUSTAINABLE CONSTRUCTION The essential to develop performance in the construction industry is necessary for it to become more sustainable. Managing and decreasing the environmental influences of buildings and structures, and the methods of construction, is a common starting for many organisations wishing to address sustainability (DETR1, 2000). Re- use existing built assets, and renovate which develops their sustainability, where likely. Design for minimum waste. Design out waste at all stages of product, building or structure, think about using recycled materials. Aim for lean construction, working on continuous improvement and high quality work. Decrease energy in construction; be aware of energy consumption during construction. Decrease energy in use, consider more energy efficient solutions in the design stage. Do not pollute, understand environmental impacts and adopt an EMS or ISO to manage. Preserve and enhance biodiversity throughout the construction process, from extraction of materials to landscaping buildings. Conserve water resources, design for water efficiency in buildings. Respect people and their local environment, be responsive to community and consider your workforce. Set Targets to measure and compare your performance against others, set targets for Continuous improvement. (DETR1,2000 DTI1, 2003) 16. CONCLUSIONS The Chapter is generally defining to establish recommendation for Sustainable Waste Management in Doha Qatar Construction industry. The chapter will review the research objective of the dissertation; the chapter will then come to an end with an investigation of suitable recommendation of regarding Sustainable waste management system in Doha Qatar construction industry. CHAPTER three Alternative materials for construction CHAPTER THREE ALTERNATIVE MATERIALS USR FOR CONSTRUCTION 1. INTRODUCTION Maximum of the waste will be produced from the construction industry and the source of the waste is produced must be known at the early stage as it will expansion good effect in waste management development. The materials identical like concrete (aggregate), concrete (Block) metal (steel), timber and glass. 2. CONCRETE (AGGREGATE) Each quantity of concrete waste that is recycled for aggregate in fresh concrete would protect almost a quantity of key aggregate that comes from the countryside or dredged from the seas. Recycling concrete keeps money, and has further environmental aids. 2.1 THE KEY REASONS OF THE WASTE OF CONCRETE ON THIS SITE COMPRISE Unexpected modifications on design Improper proportions of aggregate, water and cement Purchasing too much Over pouring Pumping waste Incorrect use of material 2.2 METHODS IN WHICH TO RECYCLE CONCRETE Recycle the concrete and use it as aggregate for other local site as new concrete; it will protects/save the aggregate and waste disposal charges. The Recycle concrete waste as sub base in roads or fill-in works. The leftover aggregate can be transported off the site, by the loading vehicles as soon as the endorsed sum has been used on site. concrete-disposal Figure 0: Concrete Waste (Aggregate) Source: http://civilpents.blogspot.com/2012/02/recycled-concrete-aggregate.html 3. CONCRETE (BLOCK) Approximately 6 % to 28 % of concrete blocks results in waste in construction (QCS. 2007). 3.1 THE CHIEF BASES OF THE WASTE OF CONCRETE BLOCKS COMPRISE Unexpected changes on design Over purchasing the quantity Incorrect conduct of the blocks and stacking The arrangement of the concrete walls and the columns 3.2 METHODS IN WHICH TO RECYCLE CONCRETE BLOCKS COMPRISE Practice greater pieces for erosion control Castoff as a substitute for landscaping stone Castoff as new aggregate for other sites Castoff as sub base on new roads 3.3 RECYCLING CONCRETE WASTE Initially, when the concrete waste has been elated from the baskets on site to the loading trucks to be additional elated off-site, we need to discover, waste of concrete can be used for it, Then eliminate whatever within the concrete that could contaminate the concrete, (CIRIA, 1995) and then crush the concrete with a mobile crusher to the size of aggregate, if need be. Then store the crushed concrete in a separate area, so no other materials are dumped there. Then use it for other requirements. Construction Waste Recycling Figure 00: Concrete Waste (Block) Source: http://www.ds-crusher.org/sloution/Construction_Waste_Recycling.html 4. REUSE OF METAL (STEEL) RECOVERED FORM WASTE Steel is an ideal material to recycle. In fact 30% of all steel products in construction are now made from recycled steel (Guthrie, P M, 1997) and the steel waste in construction it is able to recycle up to an approximately 90% of the total (Karim. K, 2000). 4.1 CAUSES FOR METAL WASTE Over-ordering Faulty workmanship Incorrect handling Improper type of metal Scope of cut-offs on site Approach of workers 4.2 REDUCE METALS The greatest method to decrease any metal waste is to order a made to measure bar from the manufacturer, it would be set for use and will not essential any decoration or bending. 4.3 RE-USE OF METALS Principal is to check the prospects on site, and if it is not, you might stock the materials somewhere else, for it to be used another time. When storing the metal, it is necessary to separate it from other metals. Loading trucks are wanted to carrying the metal waste off-site. 4.4 RECYCLING METALS The greatest method to recycle metal is to shift scrap metal by the quantity to local salvage operators, the price of metal differs according to the variety. Materials identical like aluminum will be more valued than say ferrous metals. The metal waste that is made on site, will then be disposed of in the according basket, and additional later dumped into the loading trucks for it to be used somewhere else. 1641988-91588-james-hardy-altopress-maxppp-construction-waste-rebar-from-reinforced-concrete Figure 00: Metal Waste (Steel) Source: http://www.ds-crusher.org/sloution/Construction_Waste_Recycling.html 5. TIMBER The timber creation waste can come in various methods, from pallets which other goods were shipped with, engineered timber and treated timber. Wood wastage typically happens in residential construction industry and renovation works doings as the main produce. This is faced to concrete waste, which is more often produced in commercial sites involving demolition. Other factors such as the geographical location of the site and the framing methods used effect the amount of timber waste made. 5.1 REDUCE TIMBER The method to decrease the timber waste is best that those who are comprise to timber work are proper train with carpentering skill to handle for minimal the off cut or incorrect cut of the measurement. All timber are wanted to store in dry area due to water moisture will damage the timber. 5.2 RE-USE OF TIMBER Most of the timber that are not completely loss are to cut and store for advance use in storage or un-nailing all other timber after use and move them for more use if are refillable. 5.3 RECYCLING TIMBER Chipped timber, off cut and damage timber are